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三峡水库在2011—2022年连续开展了18次“人造洪峰”生态调度试验，系统掌握该区域四大家鱼的自然繁殖需求，为三峡水库生态调度效果的科学评估和调度方案优化提供参考依据。以长江中游沙市江段为例，基于四大家鱼自然繁殖与天然水文过程关系的梳理，从产卵生境适宜度和鱼类繁殖响应度2方面构建了三峡水库促进四大家鱼自然繁殖的生态调度效果评价指标体系，并采用长序列监测数据对历次三峡水库生态调度实施效果进行评价。结果如下：初始流量、初始水位、持续涨水时间等水文生境指标在非生态调度期间的涨水过程（常规调度）、生态调度2种调度模式下均具有显著性差异，而所有鱼类产卵规模、家鱼产卵规模等鱼类繁殖响应度指标在2种调度模式下均没有显著性差异，表明不同模式下的涨水过程对四大家鱼产卵均具有促进作用，但忽略水文生境条件的差异，仅从鱼类繁殖响应度来看无法全面评价不同生态调度试验的实施效果。采用构建的指标体系对历次生态调度效果评价发现，18次生态调度事件中有13场次调度效果为良好或优，有5场次调度效果为一般或差。部分场次生态调度效果不理想的原因在于生态调度的启动时机，除合适的水温这一前提条件，还要结合鱼类生物的繁殖特性、亲鱼实时监测结果来综合判断。
Abstract：To meet the natural spawning needs of the four major Chinese carps(FMCC) and other fish species with drifting eggs in the middle reaches of Yangtze River, Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) personnel carried out 18 consecutive "artificial flood peak" trials of ecological operation from 2011 to 2022. In this study, the Yichang-Shashi section in the middle reaches of Yangtze River was selected for research, and we developed an evaluation index system to assess the effectiveness of ecological operation of Three Gorges Reservoir on both spawning habitat suitability and fish spawning. The evaluation index was based on a systematic review of research findings on the relationship between the four major Chinese carps and hydrological habitat factors, as well as long-term monitoring data of early stage fish resources from the Shashi river section(2011-2022). From mid-May to mid-July of 2011-2022, a total of 68 flood events occurred,including 18 flooding events during ecological operation and 50 flooding events during routine operation.Three hydrological indicators, initial flow rate, initial water level, and duration of continuous water level rise were significantly different under the two operating modes(P<0.05), with values in the ranges of 6 780-37 220m3/s, 38.07-45.84 m, and 1-10 d. The number of overall spawning fish species and the number of spawning species among the FMCC were also significantly different under the two operating modes. However, no significant differences were found in the spawning scale of all fish species or the spawning scale of the FMCC, indicating that flooding under either operating mode promoted spawning of the FMCC, but the effects of ecological operation cannot be accurately evaluated from the fish reproductive response alone.Further evaluation of the ecological operation effectiveness of TGR using the constructed index system shows that the ranges of the spawning habitat suitability index, fish reproduction response index and comprehensive evaluation index, on a scale from 1 to 5, for ecological regulation effectiveness were, respectively, 1.6-4.6, 1-5, and 1.24-4.28. The overall effects of ecological operation during 13 flood events were good or excellent and fair or poor for 5 flood events. A preliminary analysis of the reasons for unsatisfactory results indicates that the timing of initiating ecological operation is very important, and an appropriate water temperature is the prerequisite. Further, the effects of ecological operation should be judged by the reproductive response of parent fish based on real-time monitoring. These results provide a reference for the scientific evaluation and optimization of ecologically operating TGR.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.15928/j.1674-3075.202505120002
中图分类号:S931.1
引用信息:
[1]姜伟,徐薇,陈桂亚,等.三峡水库促进四大家鱼自然繁殖的生态调度效果评价[J].水生态学杂志,2025,46(06):11-21.DOI:10.15928/j.1674-3075.202505120002.
基金信息:
中国长江三峡集团公司项目（202303296）; 中国三峡建设管理有限公司技术服务项目（JG-EP-0421002）; 湖北省重点研发计划项目（2023EHA070、2023BCB110）